Ideals invariant under ring automorphisms












4














I am looking for ideals $Isubset mathbb{F}_2[x,y]$ with the following properties:





  1. $I$ is generated by two homogeneous elements;


  2. $I$ is invariant under the $SL_2(mathbb{F}_2)$-action on $mathbb{F}_2[x,y]$ (given by extending the action on the two dimensional sub vector space spanned by $x,y$).;

  3. The quotient $mathbb{F}_2[x,y]/I$ is finite.


So far the only examples I know are $(x^n,y^n)$ and $(x^3,x^2+xy+y^2)$. The quotient $mathbb{F}_2[x,y]/(x^3,x^2+xy+y^2)$ is the cohomology ring $H^*(S^3/Q_8;mathbb{F}_2)$ for the standard action of the quaternion group on the three sphere.



Are these the only examples. Is it possible to classify all such ideals ?



Edit: Of course $(x^n,y^n)$ is only invariant when $n$ is a power of two (since $xmapsto x, ymapsto x+y$ is also an automorphism). So we have even fewer examples.










share|cite|improve this question




















  • 1




    The ideal $(x^n,y^n)$ is invariant iff $n$ is a power of 2, isn't it?
    – YCor
    Dec 15 '18 at 16:20








  • 1




    Hi, why is $x^3,y^3$ invariant?
    – Hailong Dao
    Dec 15 '18 at 16:20










  • Yes indeed. Thanks to you both. I mixed up things quite a lot. I was also thinking about this question only with the action that flips $x$ and $y$ and not the entire $sl_2$-action. Then I mixed things up sorry.
    – HenrikRüping
    Dec 15 '18 at 16:32










  • Sorry. Corrected. Thanks.
    – HenrikRüping
    Dec 15 '18 at 23:29
















4














I am looking for ideals $Isubset mathbb{F}_2[x,y]$ with the following properties:





  1. $I$ is generated by two homogeneous elements;


  2. $I$ is invariant under the $SL_2(mathbb{F}_2)$-action on $mathbb{F}_2[x,y]$ (given by extending the action on the two dimensional sub vector space spanned by $x,y$).;

  3. The quotient $mathbb{F}_2[x,y]/I$ is finite.


So far the only examples I know are $(x^n,y^n)$ and $(x^3,x^2+xy+y^2)$. The quotient $mathbb{F}_2[x,y]/(x^3,x^2+xy+y^2)$ is the cohomology ring $H^*(S^3/Q_8;mathbb{F}_2)$ for the standard action of the quaternion group on the three sphere.



Are these the only examples. Is it possible to classify all such ideals ?



Edit: Of course $(x^n,y^n)$ is only invariant when $n$ is a power of two (since $xmapsto x, ymapsto x+y$ is also an automorphism). So we have even fewer examples.










share|cite|improve this question




















  • 1




    The ideal $(x^n,y^n)$ is invariant iff $n$ is a power of 2, isn't it?
    – YCor
    Dec 15 '18 at 16:20








  • 1




    Hi, why is $x^3,y^3$ invariant?
    – Hailong Dao
    Dec 15 '18 at 16:20










  • Yes indeed. Thanks to you both. I mixed up things quite a lot. I was also thinking about this question only with the action that flips $x$ and $y$ and not the entire $sl_2$-action. Then I mixed things up sorry.
    – HenrikRüping
    Dec 15 '18 at 16:32










  • Sorry. Corrected. Thanks.
    – HenrikRüping
    Dec 15 '18 at 23:29














4












4








4







I am looking for ideals $Isubset mathbb{F}_2[x,y]$ with the following properties:





  1. $I$ is generated by two homogeneous elements;


  2. $I$ is invariant under the $SL_2(mathbb{F}_2)$-action on $mathbb{F}_2[x,y]$ (given by extending the action on the two dimensional sub vector space spanned by $x,y$).;

  3. The quotient $mathbb{F}_2[x,y]/I$ is finite.


So far the only examples I know are $(x^n,y^n)$ and $(x^3,x^2+xy+y^2)$. The quotient $mathbb{F}_2[x,y]/(x^3,x^2+xy+y^2)$ is the cohomology ring $H^*(S^3/Q_8;mathbb{F}_2)$ for the standard action of the quaternion group on the three sphere.



Are these the only examples. Is it possible to classify all such ideals ?



Edit: Of course $(x^n,y^n)$ is only invariant when $n$ is a power of two (since $xmapsto x, ymapsto x+y$ is also an automorphism). So we have even fewer examples.










share|cite|improve this question















I am looking for ideals $Isubset mathbb{F}_2[x,y]$ with the following properties:





  1. $I$ is generated by two homogeneous elements;


  2. $I$ is invariant under the $SL_2(mathbb{F}_2)$-action on $mathbb{F}_2[x,y]$ (given by extending the action on the two dimensional sub vector space spanned by $x,y$).;

  3. The quotient $mathbb{F}_2[x,y]/I$ is finite.


So far the only examples I know are $(x^n,y^n)$ and $(x^3,x^2+xy+y^2)$. The quotient $mathbb{F}_2[x,y]/(x^3,x^2+xy+y^2)$ is the cohomology ring $H^*(S^3/Q_8;mathbb{F}_2)$ for the standard action of the quaternion group on the three sphere.



Are these the only examples. Is it possible to classify all such ideals ?



Edit: Of course $(x^n,y^n)$ is only invariant when $n$ is a power of two (since $xmapsto x, ymapsto x+y$ is also an automorphism). So we have even fewer examples.







rt.representation-theory ac.commutative-algebra ra.rings-and-algebras invariant-theory ideals






share|cite|improve this question















share|cite|improve this question













share|cite|improve this question




share|cite|improve this question








edited Dec 15 '18 at 23:27







HenrikRüping

















asked Dec 15 '18 at 15:16









HenrikRüpingHenrikRüping

4,9562051




4,9562051








  • 1




    The ideal $(x^n,y^n)$ is invariant iff $n$ is a power of 2, isn't it?
    – YCor
    Dec 15 '18 at 16:20








  • 1




    Hi, why is $x^3,y^3$ invariant?
    – Hailong Dao
    Dec 15 '18 at 16:20










  • Yes indeed. Thanks to you both. I mixed up things quite a lot. I was also thinking about this question only with the action that flips $x$ and $y$ and not the entire $sl_2$-action. Then I mixed things up sorry.
    – HenrikRüping
    Dec 15 '18 at 16:32










  • Sorry. Corrected. Thanks.
    – HenrikRüping
    Dec 15 '18 at 23:29














  • 1




    The ideal $(x^n,y^n)$ is invariant iff $n$ is a power of 2, isn't it?
    – YCor
    Dec 15 '18 at 16:20








  • 1




    Hi, why is $x^3,y^3$ invariant?
    – Hailong Dao
    Dec 15 '18 at 16:20










  • Yes indeed. Thanks to you both. I mixed up things quite a lot. I was also thinking about this question only with the action that flips $x$ and $y$ and not the entire $sl_2$-action. Then I mixed things up sorry.
    – HenrikRüping
    Dec 15 '18 at 16:32










  • Sorry. Corrected. Thanks.
    – HenrikRüping
    Dec 15 '18 at 23:29








1




1




The ideal $(x^n,y^n)$ is invariant iff $n$ is a power of 2, isn't it?
– YCor
Dec 15 '18 at 16:20






The ideal $(x^n,y^n)$ is invariant iff $n$ is a power of 2, isn't it?
– YCor
Dec 15 '18 at 16:20






1




1




Hi, why is $x^3,y^3$ invariant?
– Hailong Dao
Dec 15 '18 at 16:20




Hi, why is $x^3,y^3$ invariant?
– Hailong Dao
Dec 15 '18 at 16:20












Yes indeed. Thanks to you both. I mixed up things quite a lot. I was also thinking about this question only with the action that flips $x$ and $y$ and not the entire $sl_2$-action. Then I mixed things up sorry.
– HenrikRüping
Dec 15 '18 at 16:32




Yes indeed. Thanks to you both. I mixed up things quite a lot. I was also thinking about this question only with the action that flips $x$ and $y$ and not the entire $sl_2$-action. Then I mixed things up sorry.
– HenrikRüping
Dec 15 '18 at 16:32












Sorry. Corrected. Thanks.
– HenrikRüping
Dec 15 '18 at 23:29




Sorry. Corrected. Thanks.
– HenrikRüping
Dec 15 '18 at 23:29










2 Answers
2






active

oldest

votes


















4














There are tons of examples. Put $u = x^2+xy+y^2$ and $v = xy(x+y)$. Then $u$ and $v$ are $SL_2(mathbb{F}_2)$ invariant. If $f(s,t)$ and $g(s,t)$ are homogenous polynomials with respect to the grading $deg s = 2$, $deg t=3$, then $langle f(u,v), g(u,v) rangle$ is a $SL_2(mathbb{F}_2)$-invariant generated in the manner you describe. I claim that, furthermore, if $mathbb{F}_2[s,t]/langle f, g rangle$ is finite then so is $mathbb{F}_2[x,y] / langle f(u,v), g(u,v) rangle$.



For this claim, we just need to show that $mathbb{F}_2[x,y]$ is module finite over $mathbb{F}_2[u,v]$. It is enough to show that the generators $x$ and $y$ are integral over $mathbb{F}_2[u,v]$. Indeed, they are both roots of the monic polynomial
$$z^3 + u z + v.$$
(I found $u$ and $v$ by multiplying out the polynomial $(z+x)(z+y)(z+x+y)$.)






share|cite|improve this answer































    3














    One can see that $I=(f_1,dots, f_s)$ is $G$-invariant iff $alphacdot f_i in I$ for each $alpha in G$ and $i$. From this one can prove easily that if $I,J$ are $G$-invariant, then so is $IJ$ and $I+J$. Thus, for example, $(x,y)^n$ are invariant for all $ngeq 0$. One also have that $I=(x^{2^k}, y^{2^k})$ is invariant as pointed out by YCor. So you can generate many other examples. A complete classification seems difficult though.



    For the case of two-generated ideals, one could use the above remark and the fact that "Frobenius commutes with linear change of variables" to show:



    1) If $I=(f,g)$ is invariant then $J= (f^{2^k}, g^{2^k})$ is invariant.



    2) If $I=(f,g)$ is invariant and $deg(f)> deg(g)$ then $J=(f^{2^k}, g^l)$ is invariant with $lleq 2^k$.



    For instance the ideal $(x^6, x^2+xy+y^2)$ is invariant.






    share|cite|improve this answer























    • Note that these ideals might not be generated by two elements anymore.
      – HenrikRüping
      Dec 15 '18 at 23:32










    • @HenrikRüping: Ah, yes, I was thinking about general ideals, not just two-generated ones. I added a few comments about this case.
      – Hailong Dao
      Dec 17 '18 at 0:26











    Your Answer





    StackExchange.ifUsing("editor", function () {
    return StackExchange.using("mathjaxEditing", function () {
    StackExchange.MarkdownEditor.creationCallbacks.add(function (editor, postfix) {
    StackExchange.mathjaxEditing.prepareWmdForMathJax(editor, postfix, [["$", "$"], ["\\(","\\)"]]);
    });
    });
    }, "mathjax-editing");

    StackExchange.ready(function() {
    var channelOptions = {
    tags: "".split(" "),
    id: "504"
    };
    initTagRenderer("".split(" "), "".split(" "), channelOptions);

    StackExchange.using("externalEditor", function() {
    // Have to fire editor after snippets, if snippets enabled
    if (StackExchange.settings.snippets.snippetsEnabled) {
    StackExchange.using("snippets", function() {
    createEditor();
    });
    }
    else {
    createEditor();
    }
    });

    function createEditor() {
    StackExchange.prepareEditor({
    heartbeatType: 'answer',
    autoActivateHeartbeat: false,
    convertImagesToLinks: true,
    noModals: true,
    showLowRepImageUploadWarning: true,
    reputationToPostImages: 10,
    bindNavPrevention: true,
    postfix: "",
    imageUploader: {
    brandingHtml: "Powered by u003ca class="icon-imgur-white" href="https://imgur.com/"u003eu003c/au003e",
    contentPolicyHtml: "User contributions licensed under u003ca href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"u003ecc by-sa 3.0 with attribution requiredu003c/au003e u003ca href="https://stackoverflow.com/legal/content-policy"u003e(content policy)u003c/au003e",
    allowUrls: true
    },
    noCode: true, onDemand: true,
    discardSelector: ".discard-answer"
    ,immediatelyShowMarkdownHelp:true
    });


    }
    });














    draft saved

    draft discarded


















    StackExchange.ready(
    function () {
    StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fmathoverflow.net%2fquestions%2f318736%2fideals-invariant-under-ring-automorphisms%23new-answer', 'question_page');
    }
    );

    Post as a guest















    Required, but never shown

























    2 Answers
    2






    active

    oldest

    votes








    2 Answers
    2






    active

    oldest

    votes









    active

    oldest

    votes






    active

    oldest

    votes









    4














    There are tons of examples. Put $u = x^2+xy+y^2$ and $v = xy(x+y)$. Then $u$ and $v$ are $SL_2(mathbb{F}_2)$ invariant. If $f(s,t)$ and $g(s,t)$ are homogenous polynomials with respect to the grading $deg s = 2$, $deg t=3$, then $langle f(u,v), g(u,v) rangle$ is a $SL_2(mathbb{F}_2)$-invariant generated in the manner you describe. I claim that, furthermore, if $mathbb{F}_2[s,t]/langle f, g rangle$ is finite then so is $mathbb{F}_2[x,y] / langle f(u,v), g(u,v) rangle$.



    For this claim, we just need to show that $mathbb{F}_2[x,y]$ is module finite over $mathbb{F}_2[u,v]$. It is enough to show that the generators $x$ and $y$ are integral over $mathbb{F}_2[u,v]$. Indeed, they are both roots of the monic polynomial
    $$z^3 + u z + v.$$
    (I found $u$ and $v$ by multiplying out the polynomial $(z+x)(z+y)(z+x+y)$.)






    share|cite|improve this answer




























      4














      There are tons of examples. Put $u = x^2+xy+y^2$ and $v = xy(x+y)$. Then $u$ and $v$ are $SL_2(mathbb{F}_2)$ invariant. If $f(s,t)$ and $g(s,t)$ are homogenous polynomials with respect to the grading $deg s = 2$, $deg t=3$, then $langle f(u,v), g(u,v) rangle$ is a $SL_2(mathbb{F}_2)$-invariant generated in the manner you describe. I claim that, furthermore, if $mathbb{F}_2[s,t]/langle f, g rangle$ is finite then so is $mathbb{F}_2[x,y] / langle f(u,v), g(u,v) rangle$.



      For this claim, we just need to show that $mathbb{F}_2[x,y]$ is module finite over $mathbb{F}_2[u,v]$. It is enough to show that the generators $x$ and $y$ are integral over $mathbb{F}_2[u,v]$. Indeed, they are both roots of the monic polynomial
      $$z^3 + u z + v.$$
      (I found $u$ and $v$ by multiplying out the polynomial $(z+x)(z+y)(z+x+y)$.)






      share|cite|improve this answer


























        4












        4








        4






        There are tons of examples. Put $u = x^2+xy+y^2$ and $v = xy(x+y)$. Then $u$ and $v$ are $SL_2(mathbb{F}_2)$ invariant. If $f(s,t)$ and $g(s,t)$ are homogenous polynomials with respect to the grading $deg s = 2$, $deg t=3$, then $langle f(u,v), g(u,v) rangle$ is a $SL_2(mathbb{F}_2)$-invariant generated in the manner you describe. I claim that, furthermore, if $mathbb{F}_2[s,t]/langle f, g rangle$ is finite then so is $mathbb{F}_2[x,y] / langle f(u,v), g(u,v) rangle$.



        For this claim, we just need to show that $mathbb{F}_2[x,y]$ is module finite over $mathbb{F}_2[u,v]$. It is enough to show that the generators $x$ and $y$ are integral over $mathbb{F}_2[u,v]$. Indeed, they are both roots of the monic polynomial
        $$z^3 + u z + v.$$
        (I found $u$ and $v$ by multiplying out the polynomial $(z+x)(z+y)(z+x+y)$.)






        share|cite|improve this answer














        There are tons of examples. Put $u = x^2+xy+y^2$ and $v = xy(x+y)$. Then $u$ and $v$ are $SL_2(mathbb{F}_2)$ invariant. If $f(s,t)$ and $g(s,t)$ are homogenous polynomials with respect to the grading $deg s = 2$, $deg t=3$, then $langle f(u,v), g(u,v) rangle$ is a $SL_2(mathbb{F}_2)$-invariant generated in the manner you describe. I claim that, furthermore, if $mathbb{F}_2[s,t]/langle f, g rangle$ is finite then so is $mathbb{F}_2[x,y] / langle f(u,v), g(u,v) rangle$.



        For this claim, we just need to show that $mathbb{F}_2[x,y]$ is module finite over $mathbb{F}_2[u,v]$. It is enough to show that the generators $x$ and $y$ are integral over $mathbb{F}_2[u,v]$. Indeed, they are both roots of the monic polynomial
        $$z^3 + u z + v.$$
        (I found $u$ and $v$ by multiplying out the polynomial $(z+x)(z+y)(z+x+y)$.)







        share|cite|improve this answer














        share|cite|improve this answer



        share|cite|improve this answer








        edited Dec 15 '18 at 23:14









        Matthieu Romagny

        2,0821722




        2,0821722










        answered Dec 15 '18 at 17:01









        David E SpeyerDavid E Speyer

        105k8273534




        105k8273534























            3














            One can see that $I=(f_1,dots, f_s)$ is $G$-invariant iff $alphacdot f_i in I$ for each $alpha in G$ and $i$. From this one can prove easily that if $I,J$ are $G$-invariant, then so is $IJ$ and $I+J$. Thus, for example, $(x,y)^n$ are invariant for all $ngeq 0$. One also have that $I=(x^{2^k}, y^{2^k})$ is invariant as pointed out by YCor. So you can generate many other examples. A complete classification seems difficult though.



            For the case of two-generated ideals, one could use the above remark and the fact that "Frobenius commutes with linear change of variables" to show:



            1) If $I=(f,g)$ is invariant then $J= (f^{2^k}, g^{2^k})$ is invariant.



            2) If $I=(f,g)$ is invariant and $deg(f)> deg(g)$ then $J=(f^{2^k}, g^l)$ is invariant with $lleq 2^k$.



            For instance the ideal $(x^6, x^2+xy+y^2)$ is invariant.






            share|cite|improve this answer























            • Note that these ideals might not be generated by two elements anymore.
              – HenrikRüping
              Dec 15 '18 at 23:32










            • @HenrikRüping: Ah, yes, I was thinking about general ideals, not just two-generated ones. I added a few comments about this case.
              – Hailong Dao
              Dec 17 '18 at 0:26
















            3














            One can see that $I=(f_1,dots, f_s)$ is $G$-invariant iff $alphacdot f_i in I$ for each $alpha in G$ and $i$. From this one can prove easily that if $I,J$ are $G$-invariant, then so is $IJ$ and $I+J$. Thus, for example, $(x,y)^n$ are invariant for all $ngeq 0$. One also have that $I=(x^{2^k}, y^{2^k})$ is invariant as pointed out by YCor. So you can generate many other examples. A complete classification seems difficult though.



            For the case of two-generated ideals, one could use the above remark and the fact that "Frobenius commutes with linear change of variables" to show:



            1) If $I=(f,g)$ is invariant then $J= (f^{2^k}, g^{2^k})$ is invariant.



            2) If $I=(f,g)$ is invariant and $deg(f)> deg(g)$ then $J=(f^{2^k}, g^l)$ is invariant with $lleq 2^k$.



            For instance the ideal $(x^6, x^2+xy+y^2)$ is invariant.






            share|cite|improve this answer























            • Note that these ideals might not be generated by two elements anymore.
              – HenrikRüping
              Dec 15 '18 at 23:32










            • @HenrikRüping: Ah, yes, I was thinking about general ideals, not just two-generated ones. I added a few comments about this case.
              – Hailong Dao
              Dec 17 '18 at 0:26














            3












            3








            3






            One can see that $I=(f_1,dots, f_s)$ is $G$-invariant iff $alphacdot f_i in I$ for each $alpha in G$ and $i$. From this one can prove easily that if $I,J$ are $G$-invariant, then so is $IJ$ and $I+J$. Thus, for example, $(x,y)^n$ are invariant for all $ngeq 0$. One also have that $I=(x^{2^k}, y^{2^k})$ is invariant as pointed out by YCor. So you can generate many other examples. A complete classification seems difficult though.



            For the case of two-generated ideals, one could use the above remark and the fact that "Frobenius commutes with linear change of variables" to show:



            1) If $I=(f,g)$ is invariant then $J= (f^{2^k}, g^{2^k})$ is invariant.



            2) If $I=(f,g)$ is invariant and $deg(f)> deg(g)$ then $J=(f^{2^k}, g^l)$ is invariant with $lleq 2^k$.



            For instance the ideal $(x^6, x^2+xy+y^2)$ is invariant.






            share|cite|improve this answer














            One can see that $I=(f_1,dots, f_s)$ is $G$-invariant iff $alphacdot f_i in I$ for each $alpha in G$ and $i$. From this one can prove easily that if $I,J$ are $G$-invariant, then so is $IJ$ and $I+J$. Thus, for example, $(x,y)^n$ are invariant for all $ngeq 0$. One also have that $I=(x^{2^k}, y^{2^k})$ is invariant as pointed out by YCor. So you can generate many other examples. A complete classification seems difficult though.



            For the case of two-generated ideals, one could use the above remark and the fact that "Frobenius commutes with linear change of variables" to show:



            1) If $I=(f,g)$ is invariant then $J= (f^{2^k}, g^{2^k})$ is invariant.



            2) If $I=(f,g)$ is invariant and $deg(f)> deg(g)$ then $J=(f^{2^k}, g^l)$ is invariant with $lleq 2^k$.



            For instance the ideal $(x^6, x^2+xy+y^2)$ is invariant.







            share|cite|improve this answer














            share|cite|improve this answer



            share|cite|improve this answer








            edited Dec 16 '18 at 5:35

























            answered Dec 15 '18 at 21:42









            Hailong DaoHailong Dao

            19.6k374127




            19.6k374127












            • Note that these ideals might not be generated by two elements anymore.
              – HenrikRüping
              Dec 15 '18 at 23:32










            • @HenrikRüping: Ah, yes, I was thinking about general ideals, not just two-generated ones. I added a few comments about this case.
              – Hailong Dao
              Dec 17 '18 at 0:26


















            • Note that these ideals might not be generated by two elements anymore.
              – HenrikRüping
              Dec 15 '18 at 23:32










            • @HenrikRüping: Ah, yes, I was thinking about general ideals, not just two-generated ones. I added a few comments about this case.
              – Hailong Dao
              Dec 17 '18 at 0:26
















            Note that these ideals might not be generated by two elements anymore.
            – HenrikRüping
            Dec 15 '18 at 23:32




            Note that these ideals might not be generated by two elements anymore.
            – HenrikRüping
            Dec 15 '18 at 23:32












            @HenrikRüping: Ah, yes, I was thinking about general ideals, not just two-generated ones. I added a few comments about this case.
            – Hailong Dao
            Dec 17 '18 at 0:26




            @HenrikRüping: Ah, yes, I was thinking about general ideals, not just two-generated ones. I added a few comments about this case.
            – Hailong Dao
            Dec 17 '18 at 0:26


















            draft saved

            draft discarded




















































            Thanks for contributing an answer to MathOverflow!


            • Please be sure to answer the question. Provide details and share your research!

            But avoid



            • Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers.

            • Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience.


            Use MathJax to format equations. MathJax reference.


            To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers.





            Some of your past answers have not been well-received, and you're in danger of being blocked from answering.


            Please pay close attention to the following guidance:


            • Please be sure to answer the question. Provide details and share your research!

            But avoid



            • Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers.

            • Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience.


            To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers.




            draft saved


            draft discarded














            StackExchange.ready(
            function () {
            StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fmathoverflow.net%2fquestions%2f318736%2fideals-invariant-under-ring-automorphisms%23new-answer', 'question_page');
            }
            );

            Post as a guest















            Required, but never shown





















































            Required, but never shown














            Required, but never shown












            Required, but never shown







            Required, but never shown

































            Required, but never shown














            Required, but never shown












            Required, but never shown







            Required, but never shown







            Popular posts from this blog

            If I really need a card on my start hand, how many mulligans make sense? [duplicate]

            Alcedinidae

            Can an atomic nucleus contain both particles and antiparticles? [duplicate]