What is a DAG (Graph Theory)?












8












$begingroup$


I am reading this link on Wikipedia; it states the following definition is given for a DAG.





  • Definition: A DAG is a finite, directed graph with no directed cycles.


Reading this definition believes me to think that the digraph below would be a DAG as there are no directed cycles here (there are cycles of the underlying graph but there are no directed cycles).



enter image description here



However, all the pictures on Wikipedia show examples of DAGs with arrows pointing the same way. So, I think I am interpreting this definition wrong. In particular, why does the definition mention later on an equivalent definition is that it must have topological ordering such that "every edge is directed from earlier to later in the sequence"? Reading the definition above would lead me to believe that the graph above is a DAG, but then the equivalent definition would make me think otherwise.










share|cite|improve this question











$endgroup$








  • 5




    $begingroup$
    If you are learning about dags, a useful resource is webgraphviz, which lets you write dags using a simple description language and will then draw them for you in as close to a top-to-bottom ordering as it can manage.
    $endgroup$
    – Eric Lippert
    10 hours ago






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    @EricLippert Thank you! I will keep that in mind!
    $endgroup$
    – W. G.
    6 hours ago






  • 2




    $begingroup$
    @EricLippert or yEd. the beautiful thing is that you can ask it to animate between layouts. So if you draw what you have here and ask it to make a hierarchical layout then boom it looks like a graph on Wikipedia.
    $endgroup$
    – joojaa
    4 hours ago






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    Another newer graph exploration tool is erkal.github.io/kite . Check it out, it's kind of fun.
    $endgroup$
    – Ben
    3 hours ago
















8












$begingroup$


I am reading this link on Wikipedia; it states the following definition is given for a DAG.





  • Definition: A DAG is a finite, directed graph with no directed cycles.


Reading this definition believes me to think that the digraph below would be a DAG as there are no directed cycles here (there are cycles of the underlying graph but there are no directed cycles).



enter image description here



However, all the pictures on Wikipedia show examples of DAGs with arrows pointing the same way. So, I think I am interpreting this definition wrong. In particular, why does the definition mention later on an equivalent definition is that it must have topological ordering such that "every edge is directed from earlier to later in the sequence"? Reading the definition above would lead me to believe that the graph above is a DAG, but then the equivalent definition would make me think otherwise.










share|cite|improve this question











$endgroup$








  • 5




    $begingroup$
    If you are learning about dags, a useful resource is webgraphviz, which lets you write dags using a simple description language and will then draw them for you in as close to a top-to-bottom ordering as it can manage.
    $endgroup$
    – Eric Lippert
    10 hours ago






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    @EricLippert Thank you! I will keep that in mind!
    $endgroup$
    – W. G.
    6 hours ago






  • 2




    $begingroup$
    @EricLippert or yEd. the beautiful thing is that you can ask it to animate between layouts. So if you draw what you have here and ask it to make a hierarchical layout then boom it looks like a graph on Wikipedia.
    $endgroup$
    – joojaa
    4 hours ago






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    Another newer graph exploration tool is erkal.github.io/kite . Check it out, it's kind of fun.
    $endgroup$
    – Ben
    3 hours ago














8












8








8





$begingroup$


I am reading this link on Wikipedia; it states the following definition is given for a DAG.





  • Definition: A DAG is a finite, directed graph with no directed cycles.


Reading this definition believes me to think that the digraph below would be a DAG as there are no directed cycles here (there are cycles of the underlying graph but there are no directed cycles).



enter image description here



However, all the pictures on Wikipedia show examples of DAGs with arrows pointing the same way. So, I think I am interpreting this definition wrong. In particular, why does the definition mention later on an equivalent definition is that it must have topological ordering such that "every edge is directed from earlier to later in the sequence"? Reading the definition above would lead me to believe that the graph above is a DAG, but then the equivalent definition would make me think otherwise.










share|cite|improve this question











$endgroup$




I am reading this link on Wikipedia; it states the following definition is given for a DAG.





  • Definition: A DAG is a finite, directed graph with no directed cycles.


Reading this definition believes me to think that the digraph below would be a DAG as there are no directed cycles here (there are cycles of the underlying graph but there are no directed cycles).



enter image description here



However, all the pictures on Wikipedia show examples of DAGs with arrows pointing the same way. So, I think I am interpreting this definition wrong. In particular, why does the definition mention later on an equivalent definition is that it must have topological ordering such that "every edge is directed from earlier to later in the sequence"? Reading the definition above would lead me to believe that the graph above is a DAG, but then the equivalent definition would make me think otherwise.







graph-theory directed-graphs






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share|cite|improve this question













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share|cite|improve this question








edited 4 hours ago









Jasper

242110




242110










asked 14 hours ago









W. G.W. G.

6621717




6621717








  • 5




    $begingroup$
    If you are learning about dags, a useful resource is webgraphviz, which lets you write dags using a simple description language and will then draw them for you in as close to a top-to-bottom ordering as it can manage.
    $endgroup$
    – Eric Lippert
    10 hours ago






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    @EricLippert Thank you! I will keep that in mind!
    $endgroup$
    – W. G.
    6 hours ago






  • 2




    $begingroup$
    @EricLippert or yEd. the beautiful thing is that you can ask it to animate between layouts. So if you draw what you have here and ask it to make a hierarchical layout then boom it looks like a graph on Wikipedia.
    $endgroup$
    – joojaa
    4 hours ago






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    Another newer graph exploration tool is erkal.github.io/kite . Check it out, it's kind of fun.
    $endgroup$
    – Ben
    3 hours ago














  • 5




    $begingroup$
    If you are learning about dags, a useful resource is webgraphviz, which lets you write dags using a simple description language and will then draw them for you in as close to a top-to-bottom ordering as it can manage.
    $endgroup$
    – Eric Lippert
    10 hours ago






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    @EricLippert Thank you! I will keep that in mind!
    $endgroup$
    – W. G.
    6 hours ago






  • 2




    $begingroup$
    @EricLippert or yEd. the beautiful thing is that you can ask it to animate between layouts. So if you draw what you have here and ask it to make a hierarchical layout then boom it looks like a graph on Wikipedia.
    $endgroup$
    – joojaa
    4 hours ago






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    Another newer graph exploration tool is erkal.github.io/kite . Check it out, it's kind of fun.
    $endgroup$
    – Ben
    3 hours ago








5




5




$begingroup$
If you are learning about dags, a useful resource is webgraphviz, which lets you write dags using a simple description language and will then draw them for you in as close to a top-to-bottom ordering as it can manage.
$endgroup$
– Eric Lippert
10 hours ago




$begingroup$
If you are learning about dags, a useful resource is webgraphviz, which lets you write dags using a simple description language and will then draw them for you in as close to a top-to-bottom ordering as it can manage.
$endgroup$
– Eric Lippert
10 hours ago




1




1




$begingroup$
@EricLippert Thank you! I will keep that in mind!
$endgroup$
– W. G.
6 hours ago




$begingroup$
@EricLippert Thank you! I will keep that in mind!
$endgroup$
– W. G.
6 hours ago




2




2




$begingroup$
@EricLippert or yEd. the beautiful thing is that you can ask it to animate between layouts. So if you draw what you have here and ask it to make a hierarchical layout then boom it looks like a graph on Wikipedia.
$endgroup$
– joojaa
4 hours ago




$begingroup$
@EricLippert or yEd. the beautiful thing is that you can ask it to animate between layouts. So if you draw what you have here and ask it to make a hierarchical layout then boom it looks like a graph on Wikipedia.
$endgroup$
– joojaa
4 hours ago




1




1




$begingroup$
Another newer graph exploration tool is erkal.github.io/kite . Check it out, it's kind of fun.
$endgroup$
– Ben
3 hours ago




$begingroup$
Another newer graph exploration tool is erkal.github.io/kite . Check it out, it's kind of fun.
$endgroup$
– Ben
3 hours ago










2 Answers
2






active

oldest

votes


















23












$begingroup$

The graph you show is a DAG.



It is conventional to draw DAGs with all the arrows going in the roughly the same direction, because that usually gives a clearer intuition about what is going on in the graph.



But remember that locations and directions are not part of the formal definition of a graph -- they're just incidental features of the particular drawing at the graph you're looking at, and it would be the same graph if you drew the vertices in different locations on the paper.



(Even in your drawing, all the edges go in a broadly southeasterly direction -- or at least more southeast than northwest -- so you're actually following the convention).




In particular, why does the definition mention later on an equivalent definition is that it must have topological ordering such that "every edge is directed from earlier to later in the sequence"?




Because that is another way to define the same class of graphs, and sometimes (but not always) a more productive way to think about them. You should be able to prove that the finite directed graphs that have no directed cycles are exactly the same as the finite directed graphs that have a topological ordering.






share|cite|improve this answer









$endgroup$









  • 1




    $begingroup$
    Another term is "embedding": a graph is an abstract mathematical object of nodes and edges. A drawing on a piece of paper that represents a graph is an embedding of the graph in two-dimensional space.
    $endgroup$
    – Acccumulation
    9 hours ago










  • $begingroup$
    Unrelated: Is "graph is a DAG" sufficient and necessary for "graph is topologically sortable"? I suspect so.
    $endgroup$
    – Alexander
    6 hours ago










  • $begingroup$
    In the area of (information) visualization, it is not uncommon to refer to a "graph" as the abstract, underlying data structure which does not know anything about positions (of vertices) and lines (for edges). The latter is then more specifically referred to as a Node-Link-Diagram - namely, a visual representation of the abstract data structure. Also see en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_drawing#Graphical_conventions
    $endgroup$
    – Marco13
    4 hours ago






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    @Alexander yes it is. In one direction, you cannot topologically sort a directed cycle, obviously. In the other, observe that a DAG has a sink, place that sink last, remove it from the graph, and recurse.
    $endgroup$
    – Sasho Nikolov
    4 hours ago



















2












$begingroup$

the given graph is indeed a DAG,



The equivalent definition says that a graph $(V, E)$ is a dag if and only if you can find a total order that extends the order given by $E$.
In simpler terms, let $u_1, ldots, u_n$ be the elements of $V$ (the vertices), then $(V, E)$ is a dag if and only if you can find an order $<$ such that if $(u_i, u_k)in E$ then $u_i < u_k$.






share|cite|improve this answer









$endgroup$













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    2 Answers
    2






    active

    oldest

    votes








    2 Answers
    2






    active

    oldest

    votes









    active

    oldest

    votes






    active

    oldest

    votes









    23












    $begingroup$

    The graph you show is a DAG.



    It is conventional to draw DAGs with all the arrows going in the roughly the same direction, because that usually gives a clearer intuition about what is going on in the graph.



    But remember that locations and directions are not part of the formal definition of a graph -- they're just incidental features of the particular drawing at the graph you're looking at, and it would be the same graph if you drew the vertices in different locations on the paper.



    (Even in your drawing, all the edges go in a broadly southeasterly direction -- or at least more southeast than northwest -- so you're actually following the convention).




    In particular, why does the definition mention later on an equivalent definition is that it must have topological ordering such that "every edge is directed from earlier to later in the sequence"?




    Because that is another way to define the same class of graphs, and sometimes (but not always) a more productive way to think about them. You should be able to prove that the finite directed graphs that have no directed cycles are exactly the same as the finite directed graphs that have a topological ordering.






    share|cite|improve this answer









    $endgroup$









    • 1




      $begingroup$
      Another term is "embedding": a graph is an abstract mathematical object of nodes and edges. A drawing on a piece of paper that represents a graph is an embedding of the graph in two-dimensional space.
      $endgroup$
      – Acccumulation
      9 hours ago










    • $begingroup$
      Unrelated: Is "graph is a DAG" sufficient and necessary for "graph is topologically sortable"? I suspect so.
      $endgroup$
      – Alexander
      6 hours ago










    • $begingroup$
      In the area of (information) visualization, it is not uncommon to refer to a "graph" as the abstract, underlying data structure which does not know anything about positions (of vertices) and lines (for edges). The latter is then more specifically referred to as a Node-Link-Diagram - namely, a visual representation of the abstract data structure. Also see en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_drawing#Graphical_conventions
      $endgroup$
      – Marco13
      4 hours ago






    • 1




      $begingroup$
      @Alexander yes it is. In one direction, you cannot topologically sort a directed cycle, obviously. In the other, observe that a DAG has a sink, place that sink last, remove it from the graph, and recurse.
      $endgroup$
      – Sasho Nikolov
      4 hours ago
















    23












    $begingroup$

    The graph you show is a DAG.



    It is conventional to draw DAGs with all the arrows going in the roughly the same direction, because that usually gives a clearer intuition about what is going on in the graph.



    But remember that locations and directions are not part of the formal definition of a graph -- they're just incidental features of the particular drawing at the graph you're looking at, and it would be the same graph if you drew the vertices in different locations on the paper.



    (Even in your drawing, all the edges go in a broadly southeasterly direction -- or at least more southeast than northwest -- so you're actually following the convention).




    In particular, why does the definition mention later on an equivalent definition is that it must have topological ordering such that "every edge is directed from earlier to later in the sequence"?




    Because that is another way to define the same class of graphs, and sometimes (but not always) a more productive way to think about them. You should be able to prove that the finite directed graphs that have no directed cycles are exactly the same as the finite directed graphs that have a topological ordering.






    share|cite|improve this answer









    $endgroup$









    • 1




      $begingroup$
      Another term is "embedding": a graph is an abstract mathematical object of nodes and edges. A drawing on a piece of paper that represents a graph is an embedding of the graph in two-dimensional space.
      $endgroup$
      – Acccumulation
      9 hours ago










    • $begingroup$
      Unrelated: Is "graph is a DAG" sufficient and necessary for "graph is topologically sortable"? I suspect so.
      $endgroup$
      – Alexander
      6 hours ago










    • $begingroup$
      In the area of (information) visualization, it is not uncommon to refer to a "graph" as the abstract, underlying data structure which does not know anything about positions (of vertices) and lines (for edges). The latter is then more specifically referred to as a Node-Link-Diagram - namely, a visual representation of the abstract data structure. Also see en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_drawing#Graphical_conventions
      $endgroup$
      – Marco13
      4 hours ago






    • 1




      $begingroup$
      @Alexander yes it is. In one direction, you cannot topologically sort a directed cycle, obviously. In the other, observe that a DAG has a sink, place that sink last, remove it from the graph, and recurse.
      $endgroup$
      – Sasho Nikolov
      4 hours ago














    23












    23








    23





    $begingroup$

    The graph you show is a DAG.



    It is conventional to draw DAGs with all the arrows going in the roughly the same direction, because that usually gives a clearer intuition about what is going on in the graph.



    But remember that locations and directions are not part of the formal definition of a graph -- they're just incidental features of the particular drawing at the graph you're looking at, and it would be the same graph if you drew the vertices in different locations on the paper.



    (Even in your drawing, all the edges go in a broadly southeasterly direction -- or at least more southeast than northwest -- so you're actually following the convention).




    In particular, why does the definition mention later on an equivalent definition is that it must have topological ordering such that "every edge is directed from earlier to later in the sequence"?




    Because that is another way to define the same class of graphs, and sometimes (but not always) a more productive way to think about them. You should be able to prove that the finite directed graphs that have no directed cycles are exactly the same as the finite directed graphs that have a topological ordering.






    share|cite|improve this answer









    $endgroup$



    The graph you show is a DAG.



    It is conventional to draw DAGs with all the arrows going in the roughly the same direction, because that usually gives a clearer intuition about what is going on in the graph.



    But remember that locations and directions are not part of the formal definition of a graph -- they're just incidental features of the particular drawing at the graph you're looking at, and it would be the same graph if you drew the vertices in different locations on the paper.



    (Even in your drawing, all the edges go in a broadly southeasterly direction -- or at least more southeast than northwest -- so you're actually following the convention).




    In particular, why does the definition mention later on an equivalent definition is that it must have topological ordering such that "every edge is directed from earlier to later in the sequence"?




    Because that is another way to define the same class of graphs, and sometimes (but not always) a more productive way to think about them. You should be able to prove that the finite directed graphs that have no directed cycles are exactly the same as the finite directed graphs that have a topological ordering.







    share|cite|improve this answer












    share|cite|improve this answer



    share|cite|improve this answer










    answered 14 hours ago









    Henning MakholmHenning Makholm

    241k17307546




    241k17307546








    • 1




      $begingroup$
      Another term is "embedding": a graph is an abstract mathematical object of nodes and edges. A drawing on a piece of paper that represents a graph is an embedding of the graph in two-dimensional space.
      $endgroup$
      – Acccumulation
      9 hours ago










    • $begingroup$
      Unrelated: Is "graph is a DAG" sufficient and necessary for "graph is topologically sortable"? I suspect so.
      $endgroup$
      – Alexander
      6 hours ago










    • $begingroup$
      In the area of (information) visualization, it is not uncommon to refer to a "graph" as the abstract, underlying data structure which does not know anything about positions (of vertices) and lines (for edges). The latter is then more specifically referred to as a Node-Link-Diagram - namely, a visual representation of the abstract data structure. Also see en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_drawing#Graphical_conventions
      $endgroup$
      – Marco13
      4 hours ago






    • 1




      $begingroup$
      @Alexander yes it is. In one direction, you cannot topologically sort a directed cycle, obviously. In the other, observe that a DAG has a sink, place that sink last, remove it from the graph, and recurse.
      $endgroup$
      – Sasho Nikolov
      4 hours ago














    • 1




      $begingroup$
      Another term is "embedding": a graph is an abstract mathematical object of nodes and edges. A drawing on a piece of paper that represents a graph is an embedding of the graph in two-dimensional space.
      $endgroup$
      – Acccumulation
      9 hours ago










    • $begingroup$
      Unrelated: Is "graph is a DAG" sufficient and necessary for "graph is topologically sortable"? I suspect so.
      $endgroup$
      – Alexander
      6 hours ago










    • $begingroup$
      In the area of (information) visualization, it is not uncommon to refer to a "graph" as the abstract, underlying data structure which does not know anything about positions (of vertices) and lines (for edges). The latter is then more specifically referred to as a Node-Link-Diagram - namely, a visual representation of the abstract data structure. Also see en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_drawing#Graphical_conventions
      $endgroup$
      – Marco13
      4 hours ago






    • 1




      $begingroup$
      @Alexander yes it is. In one direction, you cannot topologically sort a directed cycle, obviously. In the other, observe that a DAG has a sink, place that sink last, remove it from the graph, and recurse.
      $endgroup$
      – Sasho Nikolov
      4 hours ago








    1




    1




    $begingroup$
    Another term is "embedding": a graph is an abstract mathematical object of nodes and edges. A drawing on a piece of paper that represents a graph is an embedding of the graph in two-dimensional space.
    $endgroup$
    – Acccumulation
    9 hours ago




    $begingroup$
    Another term is "embedding": a graph is an abstract mathematical object of nodes and edges. A drawing on a piece of paper that represents a graph is an embedding of the graph in two-dimensional space.
    $endgroup$
    – Acccumulation
    9 hours ago












    $begingroup$
    Unrelated: Is "graph is a DAG" sufficient and necessary for "graph is topologically sortable"? I suspect so.
    $endgroup$
    – Alexander
    6 hours ago




    $begingroup$
    Unrelated: Is "graph is a DAG" sufficient and necessary for "graph is topologically sortable"? I suspect so.
    $endgroup$
    – Alexander
    6 hours ago












    $begingroup$
    In the area of (information) visualization, it is not uncommon to refer to a "graph" as the abstract, underlying data structure which does not know anything about positions (of vertices) and lines (for edges). The latter is then more specifically referred to as a Node-Link-Diagram - namely, a visual representation of the abstract data structure. Also see en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_drawing#Graphical_conventions
    $endgroup$
    – Marco13
    4 hours ago




    $begingroup$
    In the area of (information) visualization, it is not uncommon to refer to a "graph" as the abstract, underlying data structure which does not know anything about positions (of vertices) and lines (for edges). The latter is then more specifically referred to as a Node-Link-Diagram - namely, a visual representation of the abstract data structure. Also see en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_drawing#Graphical_conventions
    $endgroup$
    – Marco13
    4 hours ago




    1




    1




    $begingroup$
    @Alexander yes it is. In one direction, you cannot topologically sort a directed cycle, obviously. In the other, observe that a DAG has a sink, place that sink last, remove it from the graph, and recurse.
    $endgroup$
    – Sasho Nikolov
    4 hours ago




    $begingroup$
    @Alexander yes it is. In one direction, you cannot topologically sort a directed cycle, obviously. In the other, observe that a DAG has a sink, place that sink last, remove it from the graph, and recurse.
    $endgroup$
    – Sasho Nikolov
    4 hours ago











    2












    $begingroup$

    the given graph is indeed a DAG,



    The equivalent definition says that a graph $(V, E)$ is a dag if and only if you can find a total order that extends the order given by $E$.
    In simpler terms, let $u_1, ldots, u_n$ be the elements of $V$ (the vertices), then $(V, E)$ is a dag if and only if you can find an order $<$ such that if $(u_i, u_k)in E$ then $u_i < u_k$.






    share|cite|improve this answer









    $endgroup$


















      2












      $begingroup$

      the given graph is indeed a DAG,



      The equivalent definition says that a graph $(V, E)$ is a dag if and only if you can find a total order that extends the order given by $E$.
      In simpler terms, let $u_1, ldots, u_n$ be the elements of $V$ (the vertices), then $(V, E)$ is a dag if and only if you can find an order $<$ such that if $(u_i, u_k)in E$ then $u_i < u_k$.






      share|cite|improve this answer









      $endgroup$
















        2












        2








        2





        $begingroup$

        the given graph is indeed a DAG,



        The equivalent definition says that a graph $(V, E)$ is a dag if and only if you can find a total order that extends the order given by $E$.
        In simpler terms, let $u_1, ldots, u_n$ be the elements of $V$ (the vertices), then $(V, E)$ is a dag if and only if you can find an order $<$ such that if $(u_i, u_k)in E$ then $u_i < u_k$.






        share|cite|improve this answer









        $endgroup$



        the given graph is indeed a DAG,



        The equivalent definition says that a graph $(V, E)$ is a dag if and only if you can find a total order that extends the order given by $E$.
        In simpler terms, let $u_1, ldots, u_n$ be the elements of $V$ (the vertices), then $(V, E)$ is a dag if and only if you can find an order $<$ such that if $(u_i, u_k)in E$ then $u_i < u_k$.







        share|cite|improve this answer












        share|cite|improve this answer



        share|cite|improve this answer










        answered 14 hours ago









        aleph0aleph0

        39510




        39510






























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