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1 I'm reading a book and have come across this sentence アニーが指さしているのは、一本のなわばしごだった。 I know this sentence translates to something like Annie was pointing to a long rope ladder. But what I truly don't understand is what does the だった at the end modify? Is it modifying アニーが指さしている (Annie pointing) like I believe? Or is it really modifying 一本のなわばしご (rope ladder)? And the translated sentence is more like Annie pointed to what was a long rope ladder grammar copula past cleft-sentences share | improve this question edited yesterday Chocolate ♦ 47.3k 4 58 120