Is the spelling fundraising, fund-raising or fund raising?












4















I have seen different spellings for fundraising and would like to know the current best practice. The history of this word/phrase is also of interest to me.










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  • I think the etymology of this word is rather obvious: started off as two words, fund raising, and then, over time, people used it enough that it became one word, fundraising. As with almost all hyphenation-versus-one-word questions, it is completely optional whether you hyphenate or not.

    – BladorthinTheGrey
    Nov 22 '16 at 7:27






  • 1





    @BladorthinTheGrey I don't think it is correct to call English or any other language "obvious". Even the very strict formal languages used in computer programming have to be documented with detailed grammars to ensure they are correctly implemented. For example, both Merriam-Webster and Oxford dictionaries spell "ice cream" as two words despite its huge popularity. And as Sven Yargs has shown, these choices can change over time.

    – johnsgp
    Nov 22 '16 at 10:30
















4















I have seen different spellings for fundraising and would like to know the current best practice. The history of this word/phrase is also of interest to me.










share|improve this question

























  • I think the etymology of this word is rather obvious: started off as two words, fund raising, and then, over time, people used it enough that it became one word, fundraising. As with almost all hyphenation-versus-one-word questions, it is completely optional whether you hyphenate or not.

    – BladorthinTheGrey
    Nov 22 '16 at 7:27






  • 1





    @BladorthinTheGrey I don't think it is correct to call English or any other language "obvious". Even the very strict formal languages used in computer programming have to be documented with detailed grammars to ensure they are correctly implemented. For example, both Merriam-Webster and Oxford dictionaries spell "ice cream" as two words despite its huge popularity. And as Sven Yargs has shown, these choices can change over time.

    – johnsgp
    Nov 22 '16 at 10:30














4












4








4


1






I have seen different spellings for fundraising and would like to know the current best practice. The history of this word/phrase is also of interest to me.










share|improve this question
















I have seen different spellings for fundraising and would like to know the current best practice. The history of this word/phrase is also of interest to me.







punctuation orthography hyphenation variants






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edited May 13 '17 at 22:23









Sven Yargs

115k20249507




115k20249507










asked Nov 18 '16 at 11:31









johnsgpjohnsgp

23116




23116













  • I think the etymology of this word is rather obvious: started off as two words, fund raising, and then, over time, people used it enough that it became one word, fundraising. As with almost all hyphenation-versus-one-word questions, it is completely optional whether you hyphenate or not.

    – BladorthinTheGrey
    Nov 22 '16 at 7:27






  • 1





    @BladorthinTheGrey I don't think it is correct to call English or any other language "obvious". Even the very strict formal languages used in computer programming have to be documented with detailed grammars to ensure they are correctly implemented. For example, both Merriam-Webster and Oxford dictionaries spell "ice cream" as two words despite its huge popularity. And as Sven Yargs has shown, these choices can change over time.

    – johnsgp
    Nov 22 '16 at 10:30



















  • I think the etymology of this word is rather obvious: started off as two words, fund raising, and then, over time, people used it enough that it became one word, fundraising. As with almost all hyphenation-versus-one-word questions, it is completely optional whether you hyphenate or not.

    – BladorthinTheGrey
    Nov 22 '16 at 7:27






  • 1





    @BladorthinTheGrey I don't think it is correct to call English or any other language "obvious". Even the very strict formal languages used in computer programming have to be documented with detailed grammars to ensure they are correctly implemented. For example, both Merriam-Webster and Oxford dictionaries spell "ice cream" as two words despite its huge popularity. And as Sven Yargs has shown, these choices can change over time.

    – johnsgp
    Nov 22 '16 at 10:30

















I think the etymology of this word is rather obvious: started off as two words, fund raising, and then, over time, people used it enough that it became one word, fundraising. As with almost all hyphenation-versus-one-word questions, it is completely optional whether you hyphenate or not.

– BladorthinTheGrey
Nov 22 '16 at 7:27





I think the etymology of this word is rather obvious: started off as two words, fund raising, and then, over time, people used it enough that it became one word, fundraising. As with almost all hyphenation-versus-one-word questions, it is completely optional whether you hyphenate or not.

– BladorthinTheGrey
Nov 22 '16 at 7:27




1




1





@BladorthinTheGrey I don't think it is correct to call English or any other language "obvious". Even the very strict formal languages used in computer programming have to be documented with detailed grammars to ensure they are correctly implemented. For example, both Merriam-Webster and Oxford dictionaries spell "ice cream" as two words despite its huge popularity. And as Sven Yargs has shown, these choices can change over time.

– johnsgp
Nov 22 '16 at 10:30





@BladorthinTheGrey I don't think it is correct to call English or any other language "obvious". Even the very strict formal languages used in computer programming have to be documented with detailed grammars to ensure they are correctly implemented. For example, both Merriam-Webster and Oxford dictionaries spell "ice cream" as two words despite its huge popularity. And as Sven Yargs has shown, these choices can change over time.

– johnsgp
Nov 22 '16 at 10:30










2 Answers
2






active

oldest

votes


















4














Google Books' Ngram Viewer has some severe limitations in its ability to track hyphenated words—but in the case of fund raising vs. fund-raising vs. fundraising, Ngram's bad behavior actually helps underscore the dominance of the spelling fundraising in current usage.



Because the Ngram algorithm treats instances of fund-raising as though the word were spelled as two separate word with no hyphen (fund raising), an Ngram chart that tracks fund raising (blue line) versus fundraising (red line) is actually tracking the relative frequency of fund raising and fund-raising against that of fundraising. Here is the Ngram chart for the period 1930–2008:





The chart indicates that from the late 1930s (when the terms began to be used with some degree of frequency) until the mid-1980s, the popularity of fund raising and fund-raising (considered together) exceeded the popularity of fundraising (considered by itself); but from the early 1990s through the end of the chart (2008), fundraising has been considerably more popular than the other two combined.



The treatment of the term in Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary series is far more conservative than I would have expected, given the Ngram data. Through the Eighth Collegiate (1973), there is no entry for the term—not because the term didn't exist, but because the dictionary viewed it as consisting of two separate words (fund and raising) that did not possess any special, otherwise uninferable meaning as a compound expression.



The Ninth Collegiate (1983) breaks with its predecessors by including an entry for fund-raising (with a hyphen) as a noun and dating the word to 1940. That is not surprising. But the Tenth Collegiate (1993), the Eleventh Collegiate (2003), and even the current online Merriam-Webster persist in spelling fund-raising as a hyphenated word. It seems quite clear to me that actual usage has left MW behind.



Far more in tune with the times is The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, which went from having no entry for the term in its 1980 edition to including a listing for fundraising or fund-raising in its third edition (1992) to dropping the hyphenated form altogether in its fifth edition (2011).



Publishers that base their spelling decisions on guidance from Merriam-Webster will either insist on the spelling fund-raising or will include fundraising in its in-house style guide as an explicit overruling of MW's spelling preference. Publishers that follow AHDEL (a number that is growing as American Heritage continues to publish new editions of its print dictionary every ten years or so, while Merriam-Webster hasn't published a new print dictionary since 2003) will use fundraising.



If you aren't required to follow an established house style, you're free to choose the spelling/ punctuation style you prefer, but it seems clear that fundraising is rapidly eclipsing its rivals in the publishing world at large.






share|improve this answer


























  • Thanks for pointing me to Ngram Viewer - it's a brilliant resource! Your answer is exactly what I was looking for.

    – johnsgp
    Nov 22 '16 at 10:31



















0














I live in Canada and we follow the British style of spelling. My Oxford dictionary has this listed as 'fund-raising'.






share|improve this answer






















    protected by tchrist Mar 24 at 16:37



    Thank you for your interest in this question.
    Because it has attracted low-quality or spam answers that had to be removed, posting an answer now requires 10 reputation on this site (the association bonus does not count).



    Would you like to answer one of these unanswered questions instead?














    2 Answers
    2






    active

    oldest

    votes








    2 Answers
    2






    active

    oldest

    votes









    active

    oldest

    votes






    active

    oldest

    votes









    4














    Google Books' Ngram Viewer has some severe limitations in its ability to track hyphenated words—but in the case of fund raising vs. fund-raising vs. fundraising, Ngram's bad behavior actually helps underscore the dominance of the spelling fundraising in current usage.



    Because the Ngram algorithm treats instances of fund-raising as though the word were spelled as two separate word with no hyphen (fund raising), an Ngram chart that tracks fund raising (blue line) versus fundraising (red line) is actually tracking the relative frequency of fund raising and fund-raising against that of fundraising. Here is the Ngram chart for the period 1930–2008:





    The chart indicates that from the late 1930s (when the terms began to be used with some degree of frequency) until the mid-1980s, the popularity of fund raising and fund-raising (considered together) exceeded the popularity of fundraising (considered by itself); but from the early 1990s through the end of the chart (2008), fundraising has been considerably more popular than the other two combined.



    The treatment of the term in Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary series is far more conservative than I would have expected, given the Ngram data. Through the Eighth Collegiate (1973), there is no entry for the term—not because the term didn't exist, but because the dictionary viewed it as consisting of two separate words (fund and raising) that did not possess any special, otherwise uninferable meaning as a compound expression.



    The Ninth Collegiate (1983) breaks with its predecessors by including an entry for fund-raising (with a hyphen) as a noun and dating the word to 1940. That is not surprising. But the Tenth Collegiate (1993), the Eleventh Collegiate (2003), and even the current online Merriam-Webster persist in spelling fund-raising as a hyphenated word. It seems quite clear to me that actual usage has left MW behind.



    Far more in tune with the times is The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, which went from having no entry for the term in its 1980 edition to including a listing for fundraising or fund-raising in its third edition (1992) to dropping the hyphenated form altogether in its fifth edition (2011).



    Publishers that base their spelling decisions on guidance from Merriam-Webster will either insist on the spelling fund-raising or will include fundraising in its in-house style guide as an explicit overruling of MW's spelling preference. Publishers that follow AHDEL (a number that is growing as American Heritage continues to publish new editions of its print dictionary every ten years or so, while Merriam-Webster hasn't published a new print dictionary since 2003) will use fundraising.



    If you aren't required to follow an established house style, you're free to choose the spelling/ punctuation style you prefer, but it seems clear that fundraising is rapidly eclipsing its rivals in the publishing world at large.






    share|improve this answer


























    • Thanks for pointing me to Ngram Viewer - it's a brilliant resource! Your answer is exactly what I was looking for.

      – johnsgp
      Nov 22 '16 at 10:31
















    4














    Google Books' Ngram Viewer has some severe limitations in its ability to track hyphenated words—but in the case of fund raising vs. fund-raising vs. fundraising, Ngram's bad behavior actually helps underscore the dominance of the spelling fundraising in current usage.



    Because the Ngram algorithm treats instances of fund-raising as though the word were spelled as two separate word with no hyphen (fund raising), an Ngram chart that tracks fund raising (blue line) versus fundraising (red line) is actually tracking the relative frequency of fund raising and fund-raising against that of fundraising. Here is the Ngram chart for the period 1930–2008:





    The chart indicates that from the late 1930s (when the terms began to be used with some degree of frequency) until the mid-1980s, the popularity of fund raising and fund-raising (considered together) exceeded the popularity of fundraising (considered by itself); but from the early 1990s through the end of the chart (2008), fundraising has been considerably more popular than the other two combined.



    The treatment of the term in Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary series is far more conservative than I would have expected, given the Ngram data. Through the Eighth Collegiate (1973), there is no entry for the term—not because the term didn't exist, but because the dictionary viewed it as consisting of two separate words (fund and raising) that did not possess any special, otherwise uninferable meaning as a compound expression.



    The Ninth Collegiate (1983) breaks with its predecessors by including an entry for fund-raising (with a hyphen) as a noun and dating the word to 1940. That is not surprising. But the Tenth Collegiate (1993), the Eleventh Collegiate (2003), and even the current online Merriam-Webster persist in spelling fund-raising as a hyphenated word. It seems quite clear to me that actual usage has left MW behind.



    Far more in tune with the times is The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, which went from having no entry for the term in its 1980 edition to including a listing for fundraising or fund-raising in its third edition (1992) to dropping the hyphenated form altogether in its fifth edition (2011).



    Publishers that base their spelling decisions on guidance from Merriam-Webster will either insist on the spelling fund-raising or will include fundraising in its in-house style guide as an explicit overruling of MW's spelling preference. Publishers that follow AHDEL (a number that is growing as American Heritage continues to publish new editions of its print dictionary every ten years or so, while Merriam-Webster hasn't published a new print dictionary since 2003) will use fundraising.



    If you aren't required to follow an established house style, you're free to choose the spelling/ punctuation style you prefer, but it seems clear that fundraising is rapidly eclipsing its rivals in the publishing world at large.






    share|improve this answer


























    • Thanks for pointing me to Ngram Viewer - it's a brilliant resource! Your answer is exactly what I was looking for.

      – johnsgp
      Nov 22 '16 at 10:31














    4












    4








    4







    Google Books' Ngram Viewer has some severe limitations in its ability to track hyphenated words—but in the case of fund raising vs. fund-raising vs. fundraising, Ngram's bad behavior actually helps underscore the dominance of the spelling fundraising in current usage.



    Because the Ngram algorithm treats instances of fund-raising as though the word were spelled as two separate word with no hyphen (fund raising), an Ngram chart that tracks fund raising (blue line) versus fundraising (red line) is actually tracking the relative frequency of fund raising and fund-raising against that of fundraising. Here is the Ngram chart for the period 1930–2008:





    The chart indicates that from the late 1930s (when the terms began to be used with some degree of frequency) until the mid-1980s, the popularity of fund raising and fund-raising (considered together) exceeded the popularity of fundraising (considered by itself); but from the early 1990s through the end of the chart (2008), fundraising has been considerably more popular than the other two combined.



    The treatment of the term in Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary series is far more conservative than I would have expected, given the Ngram data. Through the Eighth Collegiate (1973), there is no entry for the term—not because the term didn't exist, but because the dictionary viewed it as consisting of two separate words (fund and raising) that did not possess any special, otherwise uninferable meaning as a compound expression.



    The Ninth Collegiate (1983) breaks with its predecessors by including an entry for fund-raising (with a hyphen) as a noun and dating the word to 1940. That is not surprising. But the Tenth Collegiate (1993), the Eleventh Collegiate (2003), and even the current online Merriam-Webster persist in spelling fund-raising as a hyphenated word. It seems quite clear to me that actual usage has left MW behind.



    Far more in tune with the times is The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, which went from having no entry for the term in its 1980 edition to including a listing for fundraising or fund-raising in its third edition (1992) to dropping the hyphenated form altogether in its fifth edition (2011).



    Publishers that base their spelling decisions on guidance from Merriam-Webster will either insist on the spelling fund-raising or will include fundraising in its in-house style guide as an explicit overruling of MW's spelling preference. Publishers that follow AHDEL (a number that is growing as American Heritage continues to publish new editions of its print dictionary every ten years or so, while Merriam-Webster hasn't published a new print dictionary since 2003) will use fundraising.



    If you aren't required to follow an established house style, you're free to choose the spelling/ punctuation style you prefer, but it seems clear that fundraising is rapidly eclipsing its rivals in the publishing world at large.






    share|improve this answer















    Google Books' Ngram Viewer has some severe limitations in its ability to track hyphenated words—but in the case of fund raising vs. fund-raising vs. fundraising, Ngram's bad behavior actually helps underscore the dominance of the spelling fundraising in current usage.



    Because the Ngram algorithm treats instances of fund-raising as though the word were spelled as two separate word with no hyphen (fund raising), an Ngram chart that tracks fund raising (blue line) versus fundraising (red line) is actually tracking the relative frequency of fund raising and fund-raising against that of fundraising. Here is the Ngram chart for the period 1930–2008:





    The chart indicates that from the late 1930s (when the terms began to be used with some degree of frequency) until the mid-1980s, the popularity of fund raising and fund-raising (considered together) exceeded the popularity of fundraising (considered by itself); but from the early 1990s through the end of the chart (2008), fundraising has been considerably more popular than the other two combined.



    The treatment of the term in Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary series is far more conservative than I would have expected, given the Ngram data. Through the Eighth Collegiate (1973), there is no entry for the term—not because the term didn't exist, but because the dictionary viewed it as consisting of two separate words (fund and raising) that did not possess any special, otherwise uninferable meaning as a compound expression.



    The Ninth Collegiate (1983) breaks with its predecessors by including an entry for fund-raising (with a hyphen) as a noun and dating the word to 1940. That is not surprising. But the Tenth Collegiate (1993), the Eleventh Collegiate (2003), and even the current online Merriam-Webster persist in spelling fund-raising as a hyphenated word. It seems quite clear to me that actual usage has left MW behind.



    Far more in tune with the times is The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, which went from having no entry for the term in its 1980 edition to including a listing for fundraising or fund-raising in its third edition (1992) to dropping the hyphenated form altogether in its fifth edition (2011).



    Publishers that base their spelling decisions on guidance from Merriam-Webster will either insist on the spelling fund-raising or will include fundraising in its in-house style guide as an explicit overruling of MW's spelling preference. Publishers that follow AHDEL (a number that is growing as American Heritage continues to publish new editions of its print dictionary every ten years or so, while Merriam-Webster hasn't published a new print dictionary since 2003) will use fundraising.



    If you aren't required to follow an established house style, you're free to choose the spelling/ punctuation style you prefer, but it seems clear that fundraising is rapidly eclipsing its rivals in the publishing world at large.







    share|improve this answer














    share|improve this answer



    share|improve this answer








    edited May 13 '17 at 22:17

























    answered Nov 22 '16 at 7:15









    Sven YargsSven Yargs

    115k20249507




    115k20249507













    • Thanks for pointing me to Ngram Viewer - it's a brilliant resource! Your answer is exactly what I was looking for.

      – johnsgp
      Nov 22 '16 at 10:31



















    • Thanks for pointing me to Ngram Viewer - it's a brilliant resource! Your answer is exactly what I was looking for.

      – johnsgp
      Nov 22 '16 at 10:31

















    Thanks for pointing me to Ngram Viewer - it's a brilliant resource! Your answer is exactly what I was looking for.

    – johnsgp
    Nov 22 '16 at 10:31





    Thanks for pointing me to Ngram Viewer - it's a brilliant resource! Your answer is exactly what I was looking for.

    – johnsgp
    Nov 22 '16 at 10:31













    0














    I live in Canada and we follow the British style of spelling. My Oxford dictionary has this listed as 'fund-raising'.






    share|improve this answer




























      0














      I live in Canada and we follow the British style of spelling. My Oxford dictionary has this listed as 'fund-raising'.






      share|improve this answer


























        0












        0








        0







        I live in Canada and we follow the British style of spelling. My Oxford dictionary has this listed as 'fund-raising'.






        share|improve this answer













        I live in Canada and we follow the British style of spelling. My Oxford dictionary has this listed as 'fund-raising'.







        share|improve this answer












        share|improve this answer



        share|improve this answer










        answered Jun 20 '17 at 4:04









        Doug GRANTDoug GRANT

        1




        1

















            protected by tchrist Mar 24 at 16:37



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            Because it has attracted low-quality or spam answers that had to be removed, posting an answer now requires 10 reputation on this site (the association bonus does not count).



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